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The science behind the formula

Artemisinin IV

A summary of the published, peer-reviewed research on the ingredients in this formula. Every claim below is linked to its source study.

  • 17 peer-reviewed sources
  • Every citation verified

What’s in it

Artemisinin 120 mg (regular) or 240 mg (large), in 0.9% normal saline.

What the research shows

Artemisinin is isolated from Artemisia annua, sweet wormwood, a plant documented in Chinese medical texts for more than 1,500 years. Its modern rediscovery is one of the best-validated examples of traditional knowledge yielding a rigorously proven pharmaceutical: Tu Youyou's team screened centuries-old Chinese fever recipes, identified sweet wormwood as strongly inhibiting malaria parasites, isolated the active molecule, and was awarded the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery 1. A comprehensive review in Planta Medica traces the plant from its traditional uses through its modern phytochemistry, noting that contemporary pharmacological research has confirmed anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, antitumour and nephroprotective activities in the species 2.

What makes the molecule unusual is its chemistry. Artemisinin contains an endoperoxide bridge — two linked oxygen atoms — that remains chemically inert until it encounters iron. Chemical proteomics work published in Nature Communications showed that heme iron snaps the bridge open, unleashing free radicals that covalently tag and disable a broad range of target proteins simultaneously 3. Because activation depends on iron, the effect concentrates where iron turnover is highest: a mechanistic in vitro study found this same chemistry gives artemisinin selectivity for cells with high iron uptake while sparing normal cells 4. Hitting many targets at once through a radical burst is also why the compound acts quickly and is difficult for organisms to evade.

The intravenous evidence base is exceptional by any standard. The SEAQUAMAT trial randomized 1,461 adults with severe falciparum malaria to intravenous artesunate or intravenous quinine; mortality fell from 22% to 15%, an absolute reduction of 34.7% 5. The AQUAMAT trial then randomized 5,425 African children across nine countries and found a 22.5% relative mortality reduction, along with significantly less coma, fewer convulsions and less post-treatment hypoglycemia 6. A Cochrane systematic review pooling 8 randomized trials and more than 7,400 patients confirmed significantly reduced death in both adults and children, with no statistical heterogeneity between trials 7. These results made artesunate WHO first-line therapy worldwide. In the United States, the CDC prospectively tracked every patient receiving intravenous artesunate around its May 2020 FDA approval: among 280 patients, 98.2% recovered, 93.6% received all prescribed doses, and adverse events were reported in 4.8% 8.

Artemisinin's activity extends well beyond malaria, and the anti-inflammatory mechanism is particularly well documented. In primary human cells, artesunate blocked NF-kB — the master switch that turns on inflammation — and dose-dependently reduced output of IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 9. A subsequent mechanistic study showed artesunate binds directly to RelA/p65, the core protein of the NF-kB pathway, while simultaneously suppressing herpesvirus replication 10. A review of laboratory and clinical work documents antiviral activity against a range of viruses including cytomegalovirus and other herpes-family viruses 11, and a review of randomized controlled trials found artemisinin derivatives significantly reduced both the rate and intensity of schistosome infection, confirming antiparasitic breadth beyond malaria 12.

There is also a substantial and growing translational literature. Screened against the U.S. National Cancer Institute's full panel of 55 human cancer cell lines, artesunate showed broad activity 13. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in colorectal cancer patients, artesunate showed anti-proliferative activity in tumour tissue 14. In a Johns Hopkins first-in-human trial, artesunate produced histologic regression of high-grade cervical pre-cancer in 68% of women, with accompanying HPV clearance 15. Intravenous artesunate has been formally dose-escalated in a U.S. phase I trial, establishing a defined intravenous dose 16, and a German phase I trial found daily artesunate added to standard therapy was safe and well tolerated, consistent with the tolerability record built over decades of antimalarial use 17.

Full ingredient list

Exact amounts delivered in each size. Formulas are compounded per patient and can be adjusted by your provider.

Regular · 100 mL

Artemisinin120 mg
0.9% NaCl (Normal Saline) 100 mL

Large · 100 mL

Artemisinin240 mg
0.9% NaCl (Normal Saline) 100 mL

Supporting studies

  • 1

    Artemisinin's discovery from sweet wormwood earned the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine — the first Nobel in medicine awarded to a Chinese scientist, and one drawn directly from a classical Chinese herbal text.

    This peer-reviewed commentary documents Tu Youyou's award of the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of artemisinin. Her team screened centuries-old Chinese recipes for fever and identified Artemisia annua (sweet wormwood, qinghao) as showing substantial inhibition of malaria parasites, then isolated the active molecule. The paper highlights the discovery as a landmark demonstration that traditional medicine knowledge can yield rigorously validated modern pharmaceuticals.

    Peer-reviewed commentary / historical review Liu W, Liu Y Youyou Tu: significance of winning the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy. 2016. PMID 26885485 ↗

  • 2

    Sweet wormwood has a documented medicinal history stretching back centuries, and modern pharmacology has confirmed anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant and antitumour activity in the plant.

    A comprehensive review in Planta Medica traces Artemisia annua from its traditional Asian medicinal uses — jaundice, dysentery, malaria, tuberculosis and other infectious conditions — through to its modern phytochemistry. The plant contains sesquiterpene lactones (including artemisinin), essential oils, flavonoids, coumarins and phenolic acids. The authors report that contemporary pharmacological research has confirmed anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, antitumour and nephroprotective activities, and note that the 2015 Nobel Prize sharply increased scientific interest in the species.

    Systematic literature review Ekiert H, Świątkowska J, Klin P, Rzepiela A, Szopa A Artemisia annua - Importance in Traditional Medicine and Current State of Knowledge on the Chemistry, Biological Activity and Possible Applications. Planta Medica. 2021. PMID 33482666 ↗

  • 3

    Artemisinin works through an elegant iron-triggered mechanism: heme iron snaps open its endoperoxide bridge, unleashing free radicals that tag and disable more than 100 different target proteins at once.

    Using an alkyne-tagged artemisinin probe and unbiased chemical proteomics in Plasmodium falciparum, this Nature Communications study identified 124 proteins covalently bound by activated artemisinin, spanning essential biological processes. The authors demonstrated that heme — not free ferrous iron — is predominantly responsible for activating the drug, with heme supplied by the parasite's own biosynthesis pathway early on and by hemoglobin digestion later. Because activation depends on heme concentration, the drug is selectively unleashed inside heme-rich targets while sparing healthy red blood cells. This 'promiscuous' multi-target action explains both artemisinin's speed and why resistance to it is chemically difficult.

    Mechanistic chemical proteomics study Wang J, Zhang CJ, Chia WN, et al. Haem-activated promiscuous targeting of artemisinin in Plasmodium falciparum. Nature Communications. 2015. PMID 26694030 ↗

  • 4

    The same iron chemistry that makes artemisinin lethal to malaria parasites gives it selectivity for cells with high iron uptake, sparing normal cells alongside them.

    Singh and Lai showed that dihydroartemisinin combined with holotransferrin (an iron-delivery protein) effectively killed radiation-resistant human breast cancer cells in vitro, while normal breast cells were significantly less susceptible. The explanation is mechanistic: artemisinin only becomes cytotoxic in the presence of ferrous iron, and cancer cells express far more transferrin receptors and take up far more iron than normal cells. Related work by the same group reported the combination was roughly 100-fold more toxic to leukemia cells than to normal lymphocytes. The authors concluded that pairing artemisinin-type compounds with iron-enhancing agents is a promising and economical therapeutic strategy.

    Mechanistic/preclinical in vitro study Singh NP, Lai H Selective toxicity of dihydroartemisinin and holotransferrin toward human breast cancer cells. Life Sciences. 2001. PMID 11764006 ↗

  • 5

    In a landmark randomized trial in over 1,400 adults, intravenous artesunate cut deaths from severe malaria by roughly 35% compared with the century-old standard, quinine.

    The SEAQUAMAT trial randomized 1,461 adults with severe falciparum malaria across Asia to intravenous artesunate or intravenous quinine. Mortality was 15% (107/730) with artesunate versus 22% (164/731) with quinine — an absolute reduction of 34.7% (95% CI 18.5-47.6, p=0.0002). Artesunate was also simpler and safer to administer, with fewer hypoglycemic complications than quinine. The authors concluded artesunate should become the treatment of choice for severe falciparum malaria in adults.

    Multicentre randomized controlled trial (intravenous route) Dondorp A, et al. (South East Asian Quinine Artesunate Malaria Trial group) Artesunate versus quinine for treatment of severe falciparum malaria: a randomised trial. The Lancet. 2005. PMID 16125588 ↗

  • 6

    A second landmark trial in 5,425 African children confirmed the result — intravenous artesunate reduced mortality by 22.5% and changed the global standard of care.

    The AQUAMAT trial randomized 5,425 children under 15 with severe falciparum malaria at 11 centres in nine African countries to parenteral artesunate or parenteral quinine. Deaths occurred in 230/2,712 (8.5%) of artesunate recipients versus 297/2,713 (10.9%) of quinine recipients — a 22.5% relative mortality reduction (odds ratio 0.75, 95% CI 0.63-0.90, p=0.0022). Artesunate recipients also had significantly less coma development, fewer convulsions, less deterioration in coma score, and less post-treatment hypoglycemia. These results led the WHO to make artesunate first-line therapy for severe malaria worldwide.

    Multicentre open-label randomized controlled trial (parenteral route) Dondorp AM, et al. (AQUAMAT group) Artesunate versus quinine in the treatment of severe falciparum malaria in African children (AQUAMAT): an open-label, randomised trial. The Lancet. 2010. PMID 21062666 ↗

  • 7

    A Cochrane systematic review pooling 8 randomized trials and over 7,400 patients found artesunate significantly reduced death compared with quinine in both adults and children.

    This Cochrane Database systematic review pooled 8 randomized controlled trials enrolling 1,664 adults and 5,765 children with severe malaria. Artesunate significantly reduced the risk of death in adults (risk ratio 0.61, 95% CI 0.50-0.75; 5 trials) and in children (RR 0.76, 95% CI 0.65-0.90; 4 trials) — roughly 94 deaths prevented per 1,000 adults treated and 26 per 1,000 children. There was no statistical heterogeneity between trials. The reviewers concluded the evidence clearly supports the superiority of parenteral artesunate over quinine in both adults and children and across different regions of the world.

    Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials (parenteral route) Sinclair D, Donegan S, Isba R, Lalloo DG Artesunate versus quinine for treating severe malaria. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2012. PMID 22696354 ↗

  • 8

    In 280 U.S. patients treated intravenously, artesunate was well tolerated and effective — 98.2% recovered and more than 93% completed the full dosing regimen.

    The U.S. CDC prospectively tracked every patient in the country who received intravenous artesunate (IVAS) for severe malaria under an FDA expanded-access protocol from April 2019 through December 2020, ahead of and around the drug's May 2020 FDA approval — the first FDA-approved therapy for severe malaria in the United States. Among 280 patients with confirmed severe malaria, 98.2% recovered from their malaria episode, 93.5% (159/170) reached ≤1% parasitemia by the third dose with a median time of 17.6 hours from the first dose, and 93.6% received all prescribed doses. Adverse events associated with IVAS were reported in 4.8% (13/271), and the authors concluded that IVAS is a safe and effective drug for treating severe malaria in the United States.

    Prospective national clinical surveillance / safety and effectiveness study (intravenous route) Abanyie F, et al. Safety and Effectiveness of Intravenous Artesunate for Treatment of Severe Malaria in the United States-April 2019 Through December 2020. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2021. PMID 34314501 ↗

  • 9

    Artesunate calms inflammation at the source, blocking the master inflammatory switch NF-kB and dose-dependently reducing IL-1b, IL-6 and IL-8 output from human inflamed tissue cells.

    Working with fibroblast-like synoviocytes taken from human rheumatoid arthritis patients, researchers showed that artesunate produced dose-dependent reductions in TNF-alpha-driven secretion of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1beta, IL-6 and IL-8. Mechanistically, artesunate prevented nuclear NF-kappaB translocation, NF-kB DNA-binding activity and gene transcriptional activity, blocked phosphorylation and degradation of IkappaB-alpha, and inhibited the PI3 kinase/Akt pathway. The authors concluded that artesunate exerts a genuine anti-inflammatory effect in human RA synoviocytes.

    Mechanistic study in primary human cells Xu H, He Y, Yang X, et al. Anti-malarial agent artesunate inhibits TNF-alpha-induced production of proinflammatory cytokines via inhibition of NF-kappaB and PI3 kinase/Akt signal pathway in human rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2007. PMID 17314215 ↗

  • 10

    Artesunate binds directly to RelA/p65 — the core protein of the NF-kB inflammatory pathway — while simultaneously suppressing herpesvirus replication without generating resistant strains.

    This Antiviral Research study characterized artesunate as a broad-spectrum anti-infective and showed it exerts antiviral activity against both human and animal herpesviruses, including human cytomegalovirus, notably without the emergence of resistant viral mutants. The mechanism was traced to direct interference with the canonical NF-kappaB pathway through binding to the RelA/p65 subunit; artesunate blocked NF-kB reporter activity while leaving the unrelated CREB pathway intact, indicating pathway selectivity rather than general cellular suppression. Chemically modified artesunate derivatives showed further enhanced potency.

    Mechanistic and antiviral laboratory study Hutterer C, Niemann I, Milbradt J, et al. The broad-spectrum antiinfective drug artesunate interferes with the canonical nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway by targeting RelA/p65. Antiviral Research. 2015. PMID 26546752 ↗

  • 11

    Beyond malaria, artemisinin and artesunate show documented antiviral activity against a range of viruses including cytomegalovirus and other herpes-family viruses, hepatitis B and hepatitis C.

    This review in Clinical Infectious Diseases synthesizes the pharmacological and clinical evidence on artemisinin-type compounds from Artemisia annua beyond their antimalarial and antiparasitic use. The authors report that the bioactivity of artemisinin and its semisynthetic derivative artesunate is considerably broader, including inhibition of human cytomegalovirus and other members of the Herpesviridae family, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and bovine viral diarrhea virus. The paper positions these natural products as therapeutically valuable agents with applications well beyond malaria.

    Narrative review of laboratory and clinical evidence Efferth T, Romero MR, Wolf DG, Stamminger T, Marin JJ, Marschall M The antiviral activities of artemisinin and artesunate. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2008. PMID 18699744 ↗

  • 12

    Artemisinin derivatives are active against parasites well beyond malaria — repeated dosing significantly reduced both the rate and intensity of schistosome infection in randomized trials, with no drug-related adverse effects.

    This Acta Tropica review summarizes randomized controlled trials of artemether, an artemisinin derivative, for the prevention of schistosomiasis japonica, mansoni and haematobia. Artemether shows highest activity against the juvenile (schistosomula) stages of the parasites, complementing praziquantel which acts on adult worms. Clinical trials established that oral artemether at 6 mg/kg every 2-3 weeks produced no drug-related adverse effects while significantly reducing the incidence and intensity of schistosome infections, and combined artemether plus praziquantel produced significantly higher worm burden reductions than either drug alone. Laboratory investigation found no indication of neurotoxicity after repeated high fortnightly doses for up to 5 months. Note: oral route.

    Review of randomized controlled trials and preclinical work (oral route) Xiao SH Recent investigations of artemether, a novel agent for the prevention of schistosomiasis japonica, mansoni and haematobia. Acta Tropica. 2002. PMID 12020890 ↗

  • 13

    Screened against the U.S. National Cancer Institute's full panel of 55 human cancer cell lines, artesunate showed broad anti-cancer activity — and drug-resistant lines were not cross-resistant to it.

    In this foundational oncology screening study, artesunate was tested against the National Cancer Institute's panel of 55 human tumour cell lines. It showed profound cytotoxic activity, with the greatest potency against leukemia and colon cancer lines (mean GI50 values of 1.11 ± 0.56 and 2.13 ± 0.74 micromolar respectively). Critically, cell lines resistant to conventional chemotherapy drugs showed no cross-resistance to artesunate, indicating it works through a distinct mechanism from standard cytotoxics.

    Mechanistic/preclinical laboratory screening study Efferth T, Dunstan H, Sauerbrey A, Miyachi H, Chitambar CR The anti-malarial artesunate is also active against cancer. International Journal of Oncology. 2001. PMID 11251172 ↗

  • 14

    In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in colorectal cancer patients, artesunate showed anti-proliferative activity in tumour tissue and was generally well tolerated.

    Patients scheduled for curative resection of primary colorectal cancer were randomized to 14 daily doses of artesunate 200 mg (n=12) or placebo (n=11) before surgery, with resected tumours analysed by immunohistochemistry. Bayesian analysis gave probabilities of 0.89 that artesunate reduced Ki67 (a marker of tumour cell proliferation) and 0.79 that it increased CD31 expression. Over a median 42-month follow-up, 1 patient in the artesunate group developed recurrent colorectal cancer versus 6 in the placebo group. The authors concluded that artesunate has anti-proliferative properties in colorectal cancer and is generally well tolerated. Note: this trial used the oral route.

    Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial (oral route) Krishna S, Ganapathi S, Ster IC, et al. A Randomised, Double Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study of Oral Artesunate Therapy for Colorectal Cancer. EBioMedicine. 2014. PMID 26137537 ↗

  • 15

    In a Johns Hopkins first-in-human trial, artesunate produced histologic regression of high-grade cervical pre-cancer in 68% of women, with HPV clearance in those whose lesions regressed.

    This phase I dose-escalation study at Johns Hopkins enrolled 28 women with biopsy-confirmed high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN2/3), who self-administered artesunate vaginal inserts (200 mg) for one, two or three five-day cycles before standard surgical resection. Treatment was safe and well tolerated. Histologic regression to CIN1 or less was observed in 19/28 (67.9%) subjects, and clearance of the HPV genotypes detected at baseline occurred in 9 of the women whose lesions regressed. The results supported advancement to a randomized placebo-controlled phase II program. Note: topical/intravaginal route.

    Phase i dose-escalation clinical trial (topical/intravaginal route) Trimble CL, et al. A first-in-human proof-of-concept trial of intravaginal artesunate to treat cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2/3 (CIN2/3). Gynecologic Oncology. 2020. PMID 32005582 ↗

  • 16

    Intravenous artesunate has been formally dose-escalated in cancer patients in a U.S. phase I trial, establishing a defined intravenous dose and producing prolonged disease stabilization in some heavily pre-treated patients.

    This phase I study enrolled 19 patients with advanced solid tumour malignancies who received intravenous artesunate on days 1 and 8 of 21-day cycles across dose levels from 8 to 45 mg/kg. A maximum tolerated dose was established at 18 mg/kg. Four patients achieved stable disease, giving a 27% disease control rate in this pre-treated population, and three of them maintained stable disease for extended periods of 8, 10 and 11 cycles. Pharmacokinetic parameters of artesunate and its active metabolite dihydroartemisinin correlated with dosing. This remains the reference human trial for intravenous artesunate outside of malaria.

    Phase i clinical trial (intravenous route) Deeken JF, Wang H, Hartley M, et al. A phase I study of intravenous artesunate in patients with advanced solid tumor malignancies. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 2018. PMID 29392450 ↗

  • 17

    A German phase I trial found daily artesunate added to standard cancer therapy was safe and well tolerated, confirming the excellent safety profile long established in malaria treatment.

    The ARTIC M33/2 trial at Heidelberg University enrolled 23 patients with metastatic breast cancer who received oral artesunate at 100, 150 or 200 mg daily as an add-on to their guideline-based oncological therapy for four weeks, with intensive clinical and laboratory monitoring for a further 4-8 weeks. The authors concluded that up to 200 mg/day (2.2-3.9 mg/kg/day) of oral artesunate was safe and well tolerated, and recommended 200 mg/day for future phase II/III trials. The paper explicitly notes that the trial confirmed the excellent safety profile already known from short-term artesunate therapy in malaria. Note: oral route.

    Prospective open-label phase i dose-finding clinical trial (oral route) von Hagens C, Walter-Sack I, Goeckenjan M, et al. Prospective open uncontrolled phase I study to define a well-tolerated dose of oral artesunate as add-on therapy in patients with metastatic breast cancer (ARTIC M33/2). Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. 2017. PMID 28439738 ↗

References

  • 1Liu W, Liu Y. Youyou Tu: significance of winning the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy. 2016. PMID 26885485 ↗
  • 2Ekiert H, Świątkowska J, Klin P, Rzepiela A, Szopa A. Artemisia annua - Importance in Traditional Medicine and Current State of Knowledge on the Chemistry, Biological Activity and Possible Applications. Planta Medica. 2021. PMID 33482666 ↗
  • 3Wang J, Zhang CJ, Chia WN, et al. Haem-activated promiscuous targeting of artemisinin in Plasmodium falciparum. Nature Communications. 2015. PMID 26694030 ↗
  • 4Singh NP, Lai H. Selective toxicity of dihydroartemisinin and holotransferrin toward human breast cancer cells. Life Sciences. 2001. PMID 11764006 ↗
  • 5Dondorp A, et al. (South East Asian Quinine Artesunate Malaria Trial group). Artesunate versus quinine for treatment of severe falciparum malaria: a randomised trial. The Lancet. 2005. PMID 16125588 ↗
  • 6Dondorp AM, et al. (AQUAMAT group). Artesunate versus quinine in the treatment of severe falciparum malaria in African children (AQUAMAT): an open-label, randomised trial. The Lancet. 2010. PMID 21062666 ↗
  • 7Sinclair D, Donegan S, Isba R, Lalloo DG. Artesunate versus quinine for treating severe malaria. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2012. PMID 22696354 ↗
  • 8Abanyie F, et al. Safety and Effectiveness of Intravenous Artesunate for Treatment of Severe Malaria in the United States-April 2019 Through December 2020. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2021. PMID 34314501 ↗
  • 9Xu H, He Y, Yang X, et al. Anti-malarial agent artesunate inhibits TNF-alpha-induced production of proinflammatory cytokines via inhibition of NF-kappaB and PI3 kinase/Akt signal pathway in human rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2007. PMID 17314215 ↗
  • 10Hutterer C, Niemann I, Milbradt J, et al. The broad-spectrum antiinfective drug artesunate interferes with the canonical nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway by targeting RelA/p65. Antiviral Research. 2015. PMID 26546752 ↗
  • 11Efferth T, Romero MR, Wolf DG, Stamminger T, Marin JJ, Marschall M. The antiviral activities of artemisinin and artesunate. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2008. PMID 18699744 ↗
  • 12Xiao SH. Recent investigations of artemether, a novel agent for the prevention of schistosomiasis japonica, mansoni and haematobia. Acta Tropica. 2002. PMID 12020890 ↗
  • 13Efferth T, Dunstan H, Sauerbrey A, Miyachi H, Chitambar CR. The anti-malarial artesunate is also active against cancer. International Journal of Oncology. 2001. PMID 11251172 ↗
  • 14Krishna S, Ganapathi S, Ster IC, et al. A Randomised, Double Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study of Oral Artesunate Therapy for Colorectal Cancer. EBioMedicine. 2014. PMID 26137537 ↗
  • 15Trimble CL, et al. A first-in-human proof-of-concept trial of intravaginal artesunate to treat cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2/3 (CIN2/3). Gynecologic Oncology. 2020. PMID 32005582 ↗
  • 16Deeken JF, Wang H, Hartley M, et al. A phase I study of intravenous artesunate in patients with advanced solid tumor malignancies. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 2018. PMID 29392450 ↗
  • 17von Hagens C, Walter-Sack I, Goeckenjan M, et al. Prospective open uncontrolled phase I study to define a well-tolerated dose of oral artesunate as add-on therapy in patients with metastatic breast cancer (ARTIC M33/2). Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. 2017. PMID 28439738 ↗

On our sourcing. Every one of the 17 sources on this page was checked against the live PubMed database — confirming that each PubMed ID points to the exact paper cited, with a matching title, journal and year. Click any reference to read the original.

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This page describes what the published research shows about the ingredients in this formula. It is educational information about those ingredients. It is not a claim that this or any Nature & Science Medicine infusion diagnoses, treats, cures or prevents any disease, and it is not a substitute for a consultation with a licensed provider. Individual results vary.